Perspective vs. Prospective How to Choose the Right Word

The words perspective and prospective are similar, and they share the same root,  a Latin word meaning to look. The different prefixes (per- and pro-), however, result in different meanings. The prefix per- means thoroughly or completely, while the prefix pro- means before in place or time, or a look forward. How to Use Perspective In a general sense, the noun perspective refers to an attitude, an outlook, a set of ideals, a point of view, or a context. In drawing, painting, and photography, however, it refers to a way of portraying (1) three-dimensional spatial relationships on a two-dimensional surface, (2) the angle from which something is viewed, and (3) the proper appearance of objects in relation to each other. The word came into Middle English from the Latin word perspectivus, meaning to look through. How to Use Prospective The adjective prospective is future oriented. It means likely or expected to happen or become in the future—in short, a likely outcome. The word comes from prospectivus (note the different prefix), a Latin term meaning to look toward the future. Examples Using Perspective These sample sentences using perspective will help illustrate the words meanings: The movie retells the Frankenstein myth from the perspective of the creature. Here perspective means an outlook or point of view.The artist often used perspective to give depth to her street scenes. In this example, the word means an artistic way of adding a third dimension to a two-dimensional work.Studying history can help put the problems of our own time into perspective.This use of perspective means put into context. Examples Using Prospective These sentences are examples of the future-looking meaning of prospective: Stricter requirements for prospective parents have made international adoptions more difficult in recent years. This example and the one below illustrate the use of prospective to indicate a likely outcome and a view of a potential future.Sharon was lost in thought, evaluating Brian as a prospective husband, before agreeing to see him again. Idiomatic Uses of Perspective Here are some idioms, or expressions using a word such as perspective that are recognized as having different meanings from the literal definition of the word, plus some examples employing them: The expression to put something in or into perspective means to look at a subject in a broader context to gain a fair and accurate understanding of it. Arthurs goal was to put the drastic change being proposed for the companys office building into perspective so the team could understand it.The expression from my perspective means the way I see it or from my point of view. From my perspective, taking a year off after college would be great for my future. How to Remember the Difference One way to remember the distinction between the two words is to recall that people going prospecting are searching for gold that they expect to find in the future. So a miner who sets out for the first time is a prospective gold miner. Sources Perspective vs. prospective. https://grammarist.com/usage/prospective-perspective/.Prospective vs. Perspective: What’s the Difference? https://writingexplained.org/prospective-vs-perspective-difference.Perspective or Prospective. http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000293.htm.

Female Participation And Gang Activities Essay - 1189 Words

Female participation in gang activities acquired greatest attention due to its â€Å" sensational nature of the media s portrayal of girl gangsters (...). During the period of 1990 and of the new millennium† (need or not?) This attention (...) â€Å"has also contributed to a renewed academic interest in female gangs.† (Nurge_2003, p 1) There existed a â€Å"traditional view† (Hunt et al._2000) of female gang members, and it â€Å"contrasts sharply with recent public discussions about female gang members, which indicate that these females are no longer simply male gang members molls but are establishing their own ground, taking an active, independent role in crime and violence† (Hunt et al._2000). I think it s necessary to start here from the initial motivations and reasons for joining the gang. Those are, through might be similar for both genders in some cases, overall female has different reasons to engage in a gang than male. And often those reasons are more complex than just â€Å"the problems of adolescent maladjustment or teenage rebellion.† (Hunt et al._2000) â€Å"Sex composition, independent of sex itself, is important in shaping the norms and activities of the gang and their members.† (Peterson et al., 2001, p 1 ) The family thus plays a central role in the structure and process of gender as social control. (Hunt et al._2000) I believe the role and the importance female accord for their family are naturally more higher than those of male. But after the reading of thisShow MoreRelatedThe Violence Of Gangs And Gangs1377 Words   |  6 PagesGangs have become one of the nation’s fastest growing problems within recent history. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation about 33,000 violent street gangs, motorcycle gangs, and prison gangs with about 2.4 million members are criminally active in the U.S. today. 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Effect of Violence on Television and Video Games

Queston: Find something in a movie, television show, book, video game, current event, personal experience, etc., and write about how it relates to psychology. Answer: Introduction Virtually since the time of dawn of television, its impact has been a major concern for parents, teachers and legislators. One of the most special concerns has been the use of violence in the media as well as the video games. As per Bryant Vorderer (2013), media violence can desensitize people to violence in the real world and that, for some people, watching violence in the media becomes enjoyable and does not result in the anxious arousal that is generally expected after watching it. This study discusses the impact of violent movies and video games on the psychology. Effect of violence on television In a violent television program viewers may or may not get into the identification with a violent character. People are more likely to behave aggressively themselves when they get to identify themselves in context to a violent character. In case of children whatever they hear or see in the media tends to have an effect on them in some or the other way. Learning of aggressive attitude and behaviour, desensitization or the increase in the callousness for the victims of violence, inclination or exaggeration of fear of becoming a victim by some means of violence are some of the consequences which have a psychological decline among the viewers (Mller et al.2012). While all of these effects reflect adverse outcomes, it is the first an increased propensity for violent behaviour that is at the core of public health concern about televised violence. The statistical relationship between childrens exposure to violent portrayals and their subsequent aggressive behaviour has been shown to be st ronger than the relationship between asbestos exposure and the risk of laryngeal cancer; there is no controversy in the medical, public health, and social science communities about the risk of harmful effects from childrens exposure to media violence. Rather, there is strong consensus that exposure to media violence is a significant public health concern as well. In view of Ramos et al. (2013), most violence on television are either glamorized or sanitized. Glamorized refers to the fact that most of the violence in the television is performed by the most glamorous character in the show, and they do not suffer remorse, criticism, or penalty for the violent behaviour. More than a third of the violence is performed by attractive characters, and more than two thirds of the violence being committed get away with no punishment at all. Sanitized refers to the failure of the portrayals in showing realistic harms to the respective victims. Pain and suffering which are immediate is included in less than half of the violent scenes in the show. More than one third of the violent interactions depict unrealistic and mild negative consequences to the victims, which considerably understates the severity of the injury caused by certain actions in the actual practical world (Gunter Harrison, 2013). Hence most of the violent shows tend to be sanitized which sh ows minimum harm to the victims visually but it has psychological effects in other ways. Chronic exposure to violent depictions can cause desensitization to violence which means that the viewers may more willingly accept violence from other people and perpetrate violent activities by themselves also. The over exposure of an individual to violence, and especially the one which is portrayed in a realistic manner, may lead viewers, more likely children to believe that it is unsafe to live on earth because it is probably not a secure place to be in (Gentile Bushman, 2012). Overestimation of the possibility that ultimately there are chances of them to become victims of violent activities is highly expected and leads to the increased undue stress, tension and anxiety. Shows like CSI: Crime Scene Investigations, House M.D are shows which have been considered to have effects on viewers. However, the effects can include learning and enjoying the show but not get negatively affected or may result in psychological effects which include violent streaks, tension of being a victim. Effect of violent video games The advent of video games like the "Call of Duty" and "Grand Theft Auto" are very much violent, but as the concept of video gaming violence is new, it is slowly gaining pace as compared to the media violence effects. Although the entire concept raises many questions as the video game user is not only viewing it but is also directly involved by playing it. Around 90-95% of adolescents are video game players, and use various sources for it. Most of the video games have component of violence in it. This has given rise to meta-analytic reviews that show the negative effects of video games. According to Shaffer Kipp (2013), expose to violent video games is an important risk factor which leads to the increase in aggression, rude behaviour, aggressive cognition, decreased empathy and pro social behaviour. This is due to increase in the negative thoughts with the person who is playing such video games more frequently. One of the biggest problems with violent video games is that they discourage players from exercising self control within them. For example in Grand theft Auto video games the players can steal cars, kill other characters in the game including police officials, in such situations players are often rewarded instead of being punished (Greitemeyer, Traut-Mattausch Osswald, 2012). Very few psychological traits seem to remain stable from early childhood into adulthood, and fewer yet have been shown to carry out the prediction of success or failure in ones life. Another problem that affects the psychology of the young people is that the players are more likely to identify with a violent character (Mentzoni et al.2011). If the game is first person shooter then the player have the same visualization perspective as the killer. And if the game is a third person, the player tends to involve in the controlling the actions of the violent character from a more distant visual perspective. Violent games directly reward violent behaviour, by including rewarding points to the player for getting into next level. In some games, players receive verbal praising for the way the play. These effects tend to go unnoticed as people do not understand the psychological effect of the video game violence, as they understand only the biological process (Montag et al.2012). There are good theoretical reasons to believe that violent video games are even more harmful than violent television programs or movies. Aggressive behaviour is multi determined with exposure of violent video games, on the other hand, even small effects and the effect of the violent video games is small to medium in its effect size can have a very bad consequences on the societal level when many people are exposed. However, children are more likely to imitate the actions of the characters with whom they are able to identify easily. In violent video games players being the characters get to choose the weapons as well, and the process requires active participation instead of just passive observation. The repetition of the process increases the learning among the players, which tend to give a behavioural rehearsal to the players (Greenfield, 2014). Conclusion The study involves the effects of violent games and television shows on players and viewers respectively. Viewing violent television shows results in the storing of a perceptual and cognitive representation of the event with in the memory. It is drawn into the individuals thought. The discussion also mentions that among the population, children are more likely to get effected psychologically when they play violent games or watch violent television shows. It is also revealed that all these factors tend to get into mind which might also come out in the form of violent streaks or also in the form stress and tensions of getting victimized. For better understanding famous video games like Call of Duty" and "Grand Theft Auto" and television shows CSI: Crime Scene Investigations, House M.D are taken as case study. References Greenfield, P. M. (2014).Mind and media: The effects of television, video games, and computers. Psychology Press. Montag, C., Weber, B., Trautner, P., Newport, B., Markett, S., Walter, N. T., ... Reuter, M. (2012). Does excessive play of violent first-person-shooter-video-games dampen brain activity in response to emotional stimuli?.Biological psychology,89(1), 107-111. Mentzoni, R. A., Brunborg, G. S., Molde, H., Myrseth, H., Skouvere, K. J. M., Hetland, J., Pallesen, S. (2011). Problematic video game use: estimated prevalence and associations with mental and physical health.Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking,14(10), 591-596. Greitemeyer, T., Traut-Mattausch, E., Osswald, S. (2012). How to ameliorate negative effects of violent video games on cooperation: Play it cooperatively in a team.Computers in Human Behavior,28(4), 1465-1470. Shaffer, D., Kipp, K. (2013).Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence. Cengage Learning. Gentile, D. A., Bushman, B. J. (2012). Reassessing media violence effects using a risk and resilience approach to understanding aggression.Psychology of Popular Media Culture,1(3), 138. Gunter, B., Harrison, J. (2013).Violence on television: An analysis of amount, nature, location and origin of violence. Routledge. Ramos, R. A., Ferguson, C. J., Frailing, K., Romero-Ramirez, M. (2013). Comfortably numb or just yet another movie? Media violence exposure does not reduce viewer empathy for victims of real violence among primarily Hispanic viewers.Psychology of Popular Media Culture,2(1), 2. Mller, I., Krah, B., Busching, R., Krause, C. (2012). Efficacy of an intervention to reduce the use of media violence and aggression: An experimental evaluation with adolescents in Germany.Journal of youth and adolescence,41(2), 105-120. Bryant, J., Vorderer, P. (Eds.). (2013).Psychology of entertainment. Routledge.

Macbeth Novel Essays - Characters In Macbeth, English-language Films

Macbeth Novel Everyone who is mortal has at least one flaw. Some are more serious than others. For example, some people have addictions to gambling, while other people can't remember to put the milk away after they use it. After a while though, a person's flaws come back to haunt them. The tragedy MacBeth is no exception to this. In it, many of the character's die. And the reason is that they have a flaw, that would eventually lead to their downfall. Not every character is deserving of his fate though. Some characters have a minor flaw, which shouldn't lead to their death. But other's have a major flaw, which is would eventually lead them to their death anyway. The first Thane of Cawdor, is killed by MacBeth for trying to lead a revolution against England. His fatal flaw was that he was according to Ross, "a disloyal traitor". The thane of Cawdor was greedy, and wanted the throne of England for himself, and as a result was murdered. But his murder wasn't really disheartening, because the Thane of Cawdor, deserved his fate. He was leading a battle, in which many lost their lives, for the sake of greed, and deserved to die because of his flaw. Duncan was the King of England, and was murdered by MacBeth. He was murdered, because in order for MacBeth to fulfill his plan and become king, Duncan would have to die. Duncan's fatal flaw was that he was too trusting. For example, he thought that none of his friends could really be enemies. If Duncan was more careful about his safety at MacBeth's castle, he may have had a chance to survive. But Duncan's flaw, wasn't something so horrible that he should die. Most people need to trust each other more, and just because one person did, he shouldn't have to die. MacBeth's former best friend, Banquo was also killed by MacBeth. Banquo was killed, because he knew too much about the murder of Duncan. But that was not his fatal flaw. Banquo's fatal flaw was that although he knew that MacBeth killed Duncan, he really didn't do anything about it. There were many opportunities where Banquo could tell someone such as MacDuff what he thought about the murders. But Banquo didn't deserve death, just because he didn't act quickly in telling someone that MacBeth killed Duncan. Banquo knew that if he said anything, no one would believe him, and he would be executed. Lady MacBeth is MacBeth's wife. She is his coconspirator in killing Duncan. Although she helps MacBeth get the courage to commit the murder, she isn't willing to do it herself. She uses the excuse that Duncan looked too much like her father. Unlike MacBeth though, it is harder for Lady MacBeth to live with the fact that she helped cause the murder of the king. And in the end, it makes her so crazy that she commits suicide. Whether or not Lady MacBeth deserved her fate is a tricky question. Although she did encourage MacBeth to murder Duncan, she feels regret for her action. Also, she realized what she did was wrong. But in my opinion, she realized it a little too late, and Duncan was still dead so she did deserve her fate. MacBeth was the focus of the entire play, and that's why it was named after him. All of the problems start when he murder's Duncan. He commits the murder because of his fatal flaw, he is too ambitious. If he wasn't so ambitious and determined to be king, then he would never have killed Duncan. And if MacBeth didn't kill Duncan none of the other characters would die. MacBeth deserved his fate more than any other characters in the play. He did many things wrong. First he killed Duncan, then he killed Banquo. After that, MacBeth killed MacDuff's family. And worst of all, MacBeth disturbed the balance of nature. Also, MacBeth didn't feel any remorse until he was faced with death. If MacBeth just waited for his time, he would have been king, and have had a chance to enjoy it. Every character that died in MacBeth had one fatal flaw. The first Thane of Cawdor was a traitor. Duncan was too trusting. Banquo didn't do anything about the knowledge he had. Lady MacBeth helped plot the murder of Duncan. And MacBeth, destroyed the natural order and harmony of nature. But not all of the characters who died deserved to die because of their flaws. Duncan shouldn't have been punished for